Conclusion and References

CONCLUSION:

Every person that values freedom of expression and freedom of the press should be concerned about the online violence and vitriol that women journalists are increasingly facing. It is impacting what they report on, when they report on it, how they report on it, and is even causing some journalists to leave the profession altogether due to fear of backlash. This harassment and discrimination comes from both outside sources on the internet, and from within their sphere of coworkers and bosses. It is a global issue, and it is worsening. However, hope is not lost. Social media and the internet are Janus-faced. While there are many negative impacts due to the internet, there are also a few positive impacts. Countless individuals have found and made communities with people they are geographically isolated from with the help of the internet. It provides a near-instant way to communicate and organize. The internet and social media can be used to further feminist goals, and empower women worldwide, in spite of the backlash. 

References: 

Antunovic, Dunja. “We wouldn’t say it to their faces: online harassment, women sports journalists, and feminism,” (Feminist Media Studies, 2019). Pgs. 428-442.

Duggan, Maeve. “Online Harassment,” (Pew Research Center, 2014). 

Ferrier, Michelle. “Attacks and Harassment: The Impact on Female Journalists and Their Reporting,”International Women’s Media Foundation and TrollBusters (International Women’s Media Foundation, 2018). Pgs 1-51. 

Figaro, Roseli. “The World of Female Journalists: feminism and professional discrimination,” (Brazilian Journalism Research, 2018). Pgs 546-567.

Kimball, Gayle. “Media Empowers Brave Girls to be Global Activists,” (Journal of International Women’s Studies, 2019). Pgs. 35-56. 

Koirala, Samiksha. “Female Journalists’ Experience of Online Harassment: A Case Study of Nepal,” (Media and Communication, 2020). Pgs. 47-56. 

Lasorsa, Dominic. “Transparency and other journalistic norms on twitter, The role of gender,” (Journalism Studies, 2012). Pgs. 402-417. 

McAdams, Katherine C.; Beasley, Maurine H. “Sexual harassment of Washington women journalists,” (Newspaper Research Journal, 1994). 

Posetti, Julie; O’Hagan, Clare; Shabbir, Nabeelah; Maynard, Diana; Bontcheva, Kalina; and Aboulez, Nermine. “The Chilling: Global trends in online violence against women journalists,” International Center for Journalists (UNESCO, April 29, 2021). Pgs 1-93.

Sullivan, Margaret. “Online harassment of female journalists is real, and it’s increasingly hard to endure,” (Washington Post, 2021). 

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